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The replacement of fluids and electrolytes is essential in the treatment of newborns. Maintenance fluid rates are determined by the age of the newborn and are 75 ml/kg/day in the first 48 hours of life, 150 ml/kg/day from 2 days to 1 month, and 100 ml/kg/day after the first month up to 10 kg. At birth, the kidney is underdeveloped and is functionally limited but rapid maturation occurs in the first week of life. Newborns are obligate sodium losers but also do not tolerate excessive sodium overload. Electrolyte replacements are as follows: sodium- 3-5 mEq/kg/day, potassium- 2-3 mEq/kg/day, and chloride- 1-3 mEq/kg/day. Along with maintenance fluids, deficits and insensible losses must also be replaced. Fluid deficits can be estimated by physical examination, body weight loss, and hematocrit. Intraoperative losses include evaporative losses from an open abdomen or surgical site, third spacing, losses from the lungs with the use of dried gases, losses from radiant warming, and losses from phototherapy. Insensible losses are increased with increased physical immaturity, higher skin permeability, ratio of body surface area to weight, and increased metabolic demand.